At Montagne Blanche..............

‘Inauguration Ceremony of St Patrick Clinic at Flic En Flac’

 

Launching of workshop on “Coral Reefs under Anthropogenic & Climate Change-Driven Disturbances”

 

 

 

Speech - I have great pleasure to be present amongst you today for the official launching of the workshop on the “Coral Reefs under Anthropogenic and Climate Change-Driven Disturbances”, issues which are relevant to both sustainable development and ocean resources objectives set by Government.

Today, there is an increasing loss of biodiversity in the coral reef ecosystem due to human activities and climate change. Coral reef ecosystem damage is one of the major consequences of the unsustainable use of the resources. This is evidenced by the 27% loss of the world’s coral reefs (Wilkinson 2002) and by predictions that estimate another 30% will be lost or impaired in less than 25 years.

Mauritius has an EEZ of Mauritius of about 2,000 kilometres and has about 24,500 hectares of coral reef.   A total of some 160 species of reef-building corals have so far been recorded in the Mauritian waters. The coral reefs are valuable natural resources that can generate about USD 148 million if sustainably managed.

Coral reefs are vital ecosystems, providing a source of income, food and coastal protection for millions of people. Mauritius, being a small island developing state (SIDS), depends highly on its coastal ecosystems for its tourism industry. Tourism is heavily dependent on the reef as the main attraction and any degradation to this resource will negatively affect tourism and reef- related activities. Coral reefs are productive hotspots of biodiversity that support social and economic development of a country.

Therefore, their protection is a socio-economic imperative, as well as an environmental one. The good health of coral reef ecosystems is also very important as it provides leisure activities to the public and to tourists who visit the country.

However, it is noteworthy, that signs abound in many areas that the natural plasticity of reef ecosystems to successfully respond to environmental (e.g. global climate change) and anthropogenic (e.g. land use, pollution) stressors has been exceeded. Vulnerable habitat conditions overlaid with multiple concomitant stressors, have compromised many coral communities to the point where their ability to rebound from natural disturbances is being lost.

Ladies and Gentlemen:

There are an increasing number of coral reef sites experiencing ecosystem level damage due to anthropogenic activities and climate change-driven events. Local monitoring activities show that coral cover around Mauritius Island has declined gradually by about 20–70% within a decade (from year 1999 to year 2009), implying a limited level of natural recovery. Though coral reefs in Mauritius represent less than 0.1% of the global coral reef area, an estimated USD148 million per year contribution is expected to be made in terms of ecosystem services. A concurrent 20-70% decline in potential economic benefits from our reefs can be predicted due to the current level of decline of coral cover. Livelihood of local communities directly dependent on coral reef resources will be severely impacted and can perpetuate a cycle of poverty.

Several solutions have been proposed in an effort to curb the decline in coral reef biodiversity and adapt to the changing world. These include promotion of an increase in the number, size and connectivity of marine protected areas (MPAs); more efficient implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements related to coral reef biodiversity (e.g. the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), The Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and The World Heritage Convention and others; increasing programmes on communication, education and public awareness related to coral reef biodiversity; encouraging and supporting rural enterprises based on biodiversity such as marine eco-tourism, bio-prospecting to benefit the local communities and the marine environment; encouraging sustainable use of marine biodiversity-based resources; and provision of incentives for local marine habitat protection.

We can no longer view the continued loss of our coral reef and their associated biodiversity as an issue separate from the core concerns of the society, that is, to tackle poverty, to improve the health, prosperity and security of present and future generations and to deal with climate change. This is where research has a pivotal contributory role to play. The degree of development of a country is nowadays measured by the quantum and quality of scientific achievements made. It is, therefore, of prime importance to invest heavily in research for sustainable development, especially in targeted research related to the marine resources, including coral reef ecosystem, which we possess.

Investment is not only in monetary terms, it is also in terms of new knowledge; but more importantly, it is through a change in attitude, a change in mindset. Data shows that only 0.3% of GDP is attributed to Science and Technology with only 0.1% for research purposes. This is far too low compared to the 3.5% of GDP dedicated to research in countries like Singapore.

Our government is conscious of the various challenges regarding the ocean economy and sustainable development. Some projects have been implemented such as the creation of Centres for Applied Research, the setting up of National Research Chairs positions and the development of a National Biotechnology Research Centre, amongst others. Yesterday a workshop was held to discuss on a national science, technology and innovation policy. Shortly, an IIT research academy will be set up and a Mauritius Research Council amendment Bill will be proposed with the objective of rationalising research and increasing private participation in research and innovation.

As we are now gearing towards the development of an ocean economy, I would encourage more researchers to explore the vast resources available in our waters and develop new knowledge in this field.

I should highlight that protection of our marine resources, our national heritage, including coral reef ecosystem, is not the responsibility of our governmental or non-governmental organisations only but each and every individual/citizen of the Republic of Mauritius.

 Each one of us can help protect our coral reef in one way or the other and make a difference. Rebuilding damaged reefs can take 50-100 years time and an investment of millions of dollars. This very workshop will help raise awareness on coral reef ecosystem in a changing environment, helping us identify and adopt means and ways to protect our national coral reef ecosystem in whatever capacity we can.

I sincerely wish that this one-day workshop on “Coral Reefs under Anthropogenic and Climate Change-Driven” will be fruitful to all participants. I thus declare the workshop officially open.

Wish you all the best!

Thank you

NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

 

 

 

SPEECH OF THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

I would like to welcome all of you who are directly or indirectly involved with Science and Technology to this workshop. I am pleased to note that UNESCO is present today to guide us in the framing of our national policy and that we have amongst us two distinguished experts - Professor Wilsdon, Professor of Science and Democracy, Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex and Associate Fellow at the Cambridge Centre for Science and Policy., and MrKepner, Research Ecologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

I would like to start by quoting a UN General Assembly resolution adopted in 2008 stating “, Science and Technology including Information and Communications Technologies, are vital for the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for the full participation of developing countries in the global economy”

If we look at the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), they refer to food security, reducing under-five mortality, reducing maternal mortality, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS and halving the proportion of people without access to safe water. The attainment of all these objectives dependsto a very large extent on Science and Technology and the development and use and dissemination of new scientific and technological knowledge.

According to the statistics of UNCTAD,

·       High-income countries fund more than 80 per cent of the World’s Research and Development (R&D) and spend 1.5 to 3.8 per cent of their GDP on research and development, while most developing countries spend less than 0.5 per cent, with some as low as 0.01 per cent; and

·       An enormous gap exists between rich and poor nations in terms of the number of scientists and engineers, the number of research institutions, tertiary science enrolment,  journal publications and patent applications.

In his report on the application of Science and Technology  to meet the Millennium Development Goals, the Secretary General of UNCTAD requested governments to consider among others–

(a)       strengthening national science advisory bodies and their linkages to provide expert opinion to the Government on a regular basis;

(b)       promoting public awareness of the benefits and risks of new and emerging technologies;

(c)       encouraging universities and research institutions to contribute to national development;

(d)       increasing investment in tertiary science education and adopting concrete measures to increase the enrolment of girls and women; and

(e)       establishingcentres of excellence, technology incubators and parks to apply knowledge and to facilitate commercialization and diffusion of technology;

If we consider the Mauritian context, there are some facts on which I would like to invite some serious reflections. I would like to mention some of these facts obtained from Statistics Mauritius and the Mauritius Research Council : –

1.     the percentage of students opting for S & T subjects at O and A levels has almost stagnated around 30 to 34 % over several years showing a relatively lesser interest for  Science and Technology as compared to other subjects;

2.     the number of girls enrolled in Science and Technolgy is 13-16% of total enrolment as compared to boys  which is 17-22% of total enrolment , indicating some gender disparity in access to  ;

3.     as at year 2012, Mauritius had 110 publications/million inhabitants, which  is below countries such as South Africa  with 262 publications/million inhabitants  and Singapore with 3011 publications/million inhabitants;

4.     the PhD production rate of Mauritius (number of PhDs/Million of inhabitants) was 17 in 2011, in comparison to  23 for South Africa, 43 for Brazil, 53 for Taiwan, 140 for USA, 221 for Australia;

5.     most of the funding on Research and Development comes from Government; and

6.     the estimated average expenditure on research and development in Mauritius  amounts to about to 0.4 % (average of 1.2 billion rupees annually) of the GDP, whereas the expenditure in developing  countries ranges from 2 to  4% .

These are some of the issues that this workshop will have to discuss.  Some measures have already been initiated by Government, namely:-

·       An amount of Rs 100M has been dedicated for research in priority areas in the 2014 budget;

·       An additional amount of Rs 228M has been budgeted over the next five years for the setting up of an IIT in Mauritius. The IIT will introduce high quality engineering and science education and increase research and the number of PhDs;

·       the University of Mauritius has been mandated to set up a Faculty of Ocean Studies;

·       financial provision has been made for the construction of a planetarium with the support of the Government of India ;

·       the Mauritius Research Council (amendment) Bill will be introduced shortly to provide for a new framework for research with the setting up of a National Advisory Committee on Research and Innovation comprising international scientists and Nobel laureates and a National Research and Innovation Fund. It will also foster greater private sector participation in research and innovation;

·       3 National research chairs have been appointed and a Best Scientist Award introduced since 2011;

·       young scientists have been given the opportunity to participate in the Lindau Nobel Laureates meeting annually. It is a matter of pride that last year one Chemistry student from University of Mauritius was selected to attend the meeting and this year, one medical doctor who graduated from the University of Mauritius has been selected by the Lindau Council to attend the meeting in July 2014. This is an international selection among candidates applying from all over the world;

·       a Centre for Biomedical & Biomaterials Research (CBBR), a first multi-disciplinary research Centre of its kind in Mauritius, was set up in 2010 and housed at the University of Mauritius; and

• Mauritius became a partner with 7 other African countries in Square Kilometre Array Project (SKA), the biggest and most powerful telescope to be built in the World.  It will host an antenna of the telescope.

The purpose of this workshop is to define the policy and strategy for Science and Technology up to 2025, as Science, Technology and Innovation are critical and vitally important to address the challenges of sustainable development, disaster management, the Ocean economy and increase the competitiveness of industry and services sectors.

Today Mauritius has moved into an efficiency-driven stage of development implying that more efficient production processes and better product quality need to be developed. Based on World Competitiveness report 2013/4 Mauritius was ranked 45^th (out of 148 countries). At this point, local competitiveness is driven to a great extent by higher quality education and training, market size, technology readiness and innovation.

For Mauritius to become an innovation driven country, challenges that have to be addressed include capacity for innovation, quality of scientific research institutions including number of scientific and technical publications, private sector spending on R&D,  University – Industry collaboration in Research &Development, availability of scientists and engineers and number of PCT patents, increasing the ratio of applications/million population and most importantly creating a strong research culture.

I look forward to the outcome of this workshop which should lead us to a shared vision and objectives and give a new momentum to Science, Technology and Innovation.

I have now the pleasure to declare this workshop open.

Thank you.

Dr R. Jeetah                                                                      Ministry of Tertiary Education, Science, Research and Technology